Barnes M J, Lobo N F, Coulibaly M B, Sagnon N F, Costantini C, Besansky N J
Center for Tropical Disease Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
Insect Mol Biol. 2005 Aug;14(4):353-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2005.00566.x.
Polymorphic SINE insertions can be useful markers for assessing population structure and differentiation. Maque is a family of SINE elements which, based on bioinformatic analysis, was suggested to have been active recently in Anopheles gambiae, the major vector of malaria. Here, we report the development of polymorphic Maque insertions as population genetic markers in A. gambiae, and the use of these markers to better characterize divergence on the X chromosome between A. gambiae M and S molecular forms in populations from Burkina Faso and Mali. Our data are consistent with the recent activity of Maque. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that at least two recently active lineages may have a role in mediating genome evolution. We found differences in element insertion frequency and sequence between the M and S populations analysed. Significant differentiation was observed between these two groups across a 6 Mb region at the proximal (centromeric) end of the X chromosome. Locus-specific F(ST) values ranged from 0.14 to 1.00 in this region, yet were not significantly different from zero in more distal locations on the X chromosome; the trend was consistent in populations from both geographical locales suggesting that differentiation is not due to local adaptation. Strong differentiation between M and S at the proximal end of the X chromosome, but not outside this region, suggests the action of selection counteracting limited gene flow between these taxa and supports their characterization as incipient species.
多态性短散在重复序列（SINE）插入可作为评估种群结构和分化的有用标记。Maque是一类SINE元件家族，基于生物信息学分析，推测其最近在疟疾主要传播媒介冈比亚按蚊中具有活性。在此，我们报告了多态性Maque插入作为冈比亚按蚊种群遗传标记的开发情况，以及利用这些标记更好地表征来自布基纳法索和马里种群中冈比亚按蚊M和S分子型在X染色体上的差异。我们的数据与Maque最近的活性一致。系统发育分析表明，至少两个最近活跃的谱系可能在介导基因组进化中起作用。我们发现在所分析的M和S种群之间，元件插入频率和序列存在差异。在X染色体近端（着丝粒）末端的一个6 Mb区域内，观察到这两组之间存在显著分化。该区域内位点特异性F(ST)值范围为0.14至1.00，但在X染色体更远端位置与零无显著差异；在两个地理区域的种群中该趋势一致，表明分化并非由于局部适应。在X染色体近端末端M和S之间存在强烈分化，但在该区域之外则没有，这表明选择作用抵消了这些分类群之间有限的基因流动，并支持将它们表征为初始物种。
