Initial bacterial colonization in patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit: bacteriological pattern and risk factors.

BACKGROUND

Colonization is an important risk factor for consecutive infection, but little is known about incidence and initial pattern on admission to respiratory intensive care units (RICU).

OBJECTIVE

To study the bacterial colonization during the first 24 h after admission to a RICU.

METHODS

Endotracheal aspirates, gastric juice, and pharyngeal and rectal swabs of 55 consecutive patients were cultured (45 men, age 66 +/- 14 years, APACHE II 20.1 +/- 5.6, no parenchymal infection). All samples were taken within the first 24 h after admission to a RICU. Potentially pathogenic microorganisms were grouped as community (c-PPM) and hospital acquired (h-PPM), and risk factors for colonization of each body site as well as for overall colonization (all sites excluding rectum) were identified by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

The trachea was colonized in 18% of the intubated patients with c-PPMs and in 11% with h-PPMs. Candida spp. were the most frequent c-PPMs isolated from trachea, pharynx, and stomach (excluding rectal swabs), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated h-PPM in trachea. The incidence of overall colonization was 49% for c-PPMs (predominantly Escherichia coli) and 18% for h-PPMs (predominantly P. aeruginosa). Admission to the hospital > or = 48 h before ICU admission was an independent risk factor of colonization with h-PPMs in univariate (33 vs. 7%, p = 0.015) and multivariate analyses (odds ratio 7.2, 95% CI 1.4-38.3; p = 0.0197).

CONCLUSIONS

Colonization of the trachea with c-PPMs was already present in every 5th and with h-PPMs in every 10th intubated patient during the first 24 h of RICU admission even in the absence of parenchymal infections. Hospitalization more than 48 h prior to RICU admission was a risk factor of colonization with h-PPMs.