Shaw A B
J Med Ethics. 2001 Feb;27(1):16-9. doi: 10.1136/jme.27.1.16.
Some approaches to the assessment of moral intuitions are discussed. The controlled ethical trial isolates a moral issue from confounding factors and thereby clarifies what a person's intuition actually is. Casuistic reasoning from situations, where intuitions are clear, suggests or modifies principles, which can then help to make decisions in situations where intuitions are unclear. When intuitions are defended by a supporting principle, that principle can be tested by finding extreme cases, in which it is counterintuitive to follow the principle. An approach to the resolution of conflict between valid moral principles, specifically the utilitarian and justice principles, is considered. It is argued that even those who justify intuitions by a priori principles are often obliged to modify or support their principles by resort to the consideration of consequences.
本文讨论了一些评估道德直觉的方法。对照性伦理试验将道德问题与混杂因素隔离开来，从而厘清一个人的直觉究竟是什么。从直觉清晰的情境中进行决疑推理，可以提出或修正原则，进而有助于在直觉不清晰的情境中做出决策。当直觉由一项支持性原则辩护时，可以通过寻找极端案例来检验该原则，在这些极端案例中遵循该原则是违反直觉的。本文考虑了一种解决有效道德原则之间冲突的方法，特别是功利主义原则和正义原则之间的冲突。有人认为，即使是那些通过先验原则为直觉辩护的人，也常常不得不通过考虑后果来修改或支持他们的原则。
