Williams L R, Walmsley A
School of Physical Education, University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ.
J Sci Med Sport. 2000 Dec;3(4):460-75. doi: 10.1016/s1440-2440(00)80011-0.
Reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), total response time (RMT) and accuracy of elite and novice fencers was studied under three levels of target choice (single-, two- and four-targets) with three variations of movement distance (short, medium and long lunge). In addition, electromyographic activity (EMG) of selected upper and lower limb muscles was used to compare the two groups. The elite subjects were faster for RT and RMT and displayed a higher level of accuracy. The hypothesis that increasing choice would cause increases in RT was not upheld. Except for some differentiation between the short and the two longer distances, the effects of movement distance were not marked. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of EMG revealed the high consistency of response patterns within subjects and highlighted the synergistic roles of selected muscles in distinguishing between elite and novice fencers. These findings confirm that differences in the technical skill of fencers can be distinguished in the laboratory through a combination of response timing measures in association with measures of muscle action. They also draw attention to practical implications for individual skill assessment and training. Analysis of pre-movement muscle activity provided moderate support for the hypothesis that it was part of a single control process and indicates that a dual process can involve both the maintenance of postural stability and the generation of movement. It is suggested that different movement contexts can lead to different levels of coordination between the system controlling posture and that controlling movement.
研究了精英击剑运动员和新手击剑运动员在三种目标选择水平（单目标、双目标和四目标）以及三种不同移动距离（短弓步、中弓步和长弓步）下的反应时间（RT）、动作时间（MT）、总反应时间（RMT）和准确性。此外，还利用所选上肢和下肢肌肉的肌电图活动（EMG）对两组进行了比较。精英受试者的反应时间和总反应时间更快，且准确性更高。增加选择会导致反应时间增加这一假设未得到支持。除了短距离与另外两个较长距离之间存在一些差异外，移动距离的影响并不明显。肌电图的定性和定量分析揭示了受试者内部反应模式的高度一致性，并突出了所选肌肉在区分精英击剑运动员和新手击剑运动员方面的协同作用。这些发现证实，通过结合反应时间测量与肌肉动作测量，可在实验室中区分击剑运动员技术技能的差异。它们还提请人们注意对个体技能评估和训练的实际意义。对运动前肌肉活动的分析为其是单一控制过程的一部分这一假设提供了适度支持，并表明双重过程可能既涉及姿势稳定性的维持，又涉及动作的产生。建议不同的运动情境会导致控制姿势的系统与控制动作的系统之间产生不同程度的协调。
