Van Cuyk S, Siegrist R, Logan A, Masson S, Fischer E, Figueroa L
Environmental Science & Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden 80401, USA.
Water Res. 2001 Mar;35(4):953-64. doi: 10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00349-3.
Four three-dimensional lysimeters were established in a pilot laboratory with the same medium sand and either an aggregate-laden (AL) or aggregate-free (AF) infiltration surface and a 60- or 90-cm soil vadose zone depth to ground water. During 48 weeks of operation, each lysimeter was dosed 4 times daily with septic tank effluent (STE) at 5 cm/d (AL) or 8.4 cm/d (AF). Weekly monitoring was done to characterize the STE, percolate flow and composition, and water content distributions within the lysimeters. Bromide tracer tests were completed at weeks 0, 8, and 45 and during the latter two times, ice nucleating active (INA) bacteria and MS-2 and PRD-1 bacteriophages were used as bacterial and viral surrogates. After 48 weeks, soil cores were collected and analyzed for chemical and microbial properties. The observations made during this study revealed a dynamic, interactive behavior for hydraulic and purification processes that were similar for all four lysimeters. Media utilization and bromide retention times increased during the first two months of operation with the median bromide breakthrough exceeding one day at start-up and increasing to two days or more. Purification processes were gradually established over four months or longer, after which there were high removal efficiencies (>90%) for organic constituents, microorganisms, and virus, but only limited removal of nutrients. Soil core analyses revealed high biogeochemical activity within the infiltrative zone from 0 to 15 cm depth. All four lysimeters exhibited comparable behavior and there were no significant differences in performance attributable to infiltrative surface character or soil depth. It is speculated that the comparable performance is due to a similar and sufficient degree of soil clogging genesis coupled with bioprocesses that effectively purified the wastewater effluent given the adequate retention times and high volumetric utilization's of the sand media.
在一个试验实验室中建立了四个三维蒸渗仪，它们使用相同的中砂，具有含骨料（AL）或无骨料（AF）的渗透表面，地下水位的土壤包气带深度为60厘米或90厘米。在运行的48周内，每个蒸渗仪每天用化粪池出水（STE）以5厘米/天（AL）或8.4厘米/天（AF）的速率进行4次加药。每周进行监测，以表征STE、渗流流量和成分以及蒸渗仪内的水分含量分布。在第0、8和45周完成了溴化物示踪剂测试，在后两次测试期间，使用冰核活性（INA）细菌以及MS-2和PRD-1噬菌体作为细菌和病毒替代物。48周后，采集土壤芯并分析其化学和微生物特性。本研究期间的观察结果揭示了所有四个蒸渗仪的水力和净化过程的动态交互行为。在运行的前两个月中，介质利用率和溴化物保留时间增加，启动时溴化物突破的中位数超过一天，并增加到两天或更长时间。净化过程在四个月或更长时间内逐渐建立，此后对有机成分、微生物和病毒的去除效率很高（>90%），但对营养物质的去除有限。土壤芯分析表明，在0至15厘米深度的渗透区内具有高生物地球化学活性。所有四个蒸渗仪表现出可比的行为，并且由于渗透表面特征或土壤深度导致的性能没有显著差异。据推测，可比的性能是由于土壤堵塞发生的程度相似且足够，再加上生物过程，在有足够的保留时间和砂介质的高体积利用率的情况下，有效地净化了废水流出物。
