Van Cuyk Sheila, Siegrist Robert L, Lowe Kathryn, Harvey Ronald W
Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2004 Jan-Feb;33(1):316-29. doi: 10.2134/jeq2004.3160.
Soil treatment of wastewater has the potential to achieve high purification efficiency, yet the understanding and predictability of purification with respect to removal of viruses and other pathogens is limited. Research has been completed to quantify the removal of virus and bacteria through the use of microbial surrogates and conservative tracers during controlled experiments with three-dimensional pilot-scale soil treatment systems in the laboratory and during the testing of full-scale systems under field conditions. The surrogates and tracers employed included two viruses (MS-2 and PRD-1 bacteriophages), one bacterium (ice-nucleating active Pseudomonas), and one conservative tracer (bromide ion). Efforts have also been made to determine the relationship between viruses and fecal coliform bacteria in soil samples below the wastewater infiltrative surface, and the correlation between Escherichia coli concentrations measured in percolating soil solution as compared with those estimated from analyses of soil solids. The results suggest episodic breakthrough of virus and bacteria during soil treatment of wastewater and a 2 to 3 log (99-99.9%) removal of virus and near complete removal of fecal coliform bacteria during unsaturated flow through 60 to 90 cm of sandy medium. Results also suggest that the fate of fecal coliform bacteria may be indicative of that of viruses in soil media near the infiltrative surface receiving wastewater effluent. Concentrations of fecal coliform in percolating soil solution may be conservatively estimated from analysis of extracted soil solids.
污水的土壤处理有潜力实现高效净化，但在去除病毒和其他病原体方面，对净化的理解和可预测性有限。已开展研究，通过在实验室中使用三维中试规模土壤处理系统进行对照实验，以及在现场条件下对全尺寸系统进行测试，利用微生物替代物和保守示踪剂来量化病毒和细菌的去除情况。所采用的替代物和示踪剂包括两种病毒（MS - 2和PRD - 1噬菌体）、一种细菌（冰核活性假单胞菌）和一种保守示踪剂（溴离子）。还努力确定了污水渗透表面以下土壤样品中病毒与粪大肠菌群之间的关系，以及渗流土壤溶液中测得的大肠杆菌浓度与根据土壤固体分析估算的浓度之间的相关性。结果表明，在污水土壤处理过程中，病毒和细菌会间歇性突破，在通过60至90厘米沙质介质的非饱和流过程中，病毒去除2至3个对数（99 - 99.9%），粪大肠菌群近乎完全去除。结果还表明，在接收废水排放的渗透表面附近的土壤介质中，粪大肠菌群的归宿可能指示病毒的归宿。渗流土壤溶液中粪大肠菌群的浓度可通过对提取的土壤固体进行分析来保守估算。
