Willcutt E G, Pennington B F, Boada R, Ogline J S, Tunick R A, Chhabildas N A, Olson R K
Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Campus Box 447, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
J Abnorm Psychol. 2001 Feb;110(1):157-72. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.157.
This study used a nonreferred sample of twins to contrast the performance of individuals with reading disability (RD; n = 93), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 52), RD and ADHD (n = 48), and neither RD nor ADHD (n = 121) on measures of phoneme awareness (PA) and executive functioning (EF). Exploratory factor analysis of the EF measures yielded underlying factors of working memory, inhibition, and set shifting. Results revealed that ADHD was associated with inhibition deficits, whereas RD was associated with significant deficits on measures of PA and verbal working memory. The RD + ADHD group was most impaired on virtually all measures, providing evidence against the phenocopy hypothesis as an explanation for comorbidity between RD and ADHD.
本研究使用了一个非转诊的双胞胎样本，以对比阅读障碍（RD；n = 93）、注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD；n = 52）、RD合并ADHD（n = 48）以及既无RD也无ADHD（n = 121）的个体在音素意识（PA）和执行功能（EF）测量指标上的表现。对EF测量指标进行探索性因素分析，得出了工作记忆、抑制和定势转移等潜在因素。结果显示，ADHD与抑制缺陷有关，而RD与PA和言语工作记忆测量指标上的显著缺陷有关。RD + ADHD组在几乎所有测量指标上受损最为严重，这为反对将表型模拟假说作为RD和ADHD共病的一种解释提供了证据。
