Hewitt G M
School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
Mol Ecol. 2001 Mar;10(3):537-49. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01202.x.
The origins and development of the study of speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography are outlined using evolutionary iconography. This traces the ideas in this field from Lamarck and Darwin through to the present as represented in diagrams and figures. A 'tree of trees' summarizes this growth and current vitality. The new facility to use various DNA sequences from nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes to determine genetic variation throughout a species range is examined particularly. There is great genomic subdivision across species distributions, which can be interpreted in the light of the recent demonstrations of severe palaeoclimatic oscillations. Refugia and postglacial colonization routes are proposed for several organisms across Europe. The role of geography in speciation through the Pleistocene is considered. These emerging principles and analyses are applied to data available on a variety of organisms in other regions of the world, such as the Arctic, North America and the Tropics, and including the progress of Homo sapiens through the last ice age. Some suggestions are made for future research directions.
本文利用进化图示概述了物种形成、杂交带和系统地理学研究的起源与发展。这一过程追溯了该领域从拉马克和达尔文时代直至现代的思想，这些思想通过图表和插图得以呈现。一棵“树之树”总结了这一领域的发展历程及其当前的活力。文中特别探讨了利用来自核基因组、线粒体基因组和叶绿体基因组的各种DNA序列来确定物种范围内遗传变异的新方法。在物种分布范围内存在着巨大的基因组细分现象，鉴于近期有关剧烈古气候振荡的研究成果，这一现象可以得到解释。文中针对欧洲的几种生物提出了避难所和冰期后殖民路线的设想。同时考虑了在更新世期间地理因素在物种形成过程中的作用。这些新出现的原理和分析方法被应用于世界其他地区各种生物的现有数据，如北极、北美和热带地区，其中包括智人在上一个冰河时代的发展历程。最后对未来的研究方向提出了一些建议。
