Kennedy E T, Bowman S A, Spence J T, Freedman M, King J
USDA/ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Apr;101(4):411-20. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00108-0.
To examine the association between a range of health and nutrition indicators and popular diets.
The Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996 data were used to examine the relationship between prototype popular diets and diet quality as measured by the healthy eating index (HEI), consumption patterns, and body mass index (BMI). The prototype diets included vegetarian (no meat, poultry, or fish on day of survey) and non-vegetarian. The nonvegetarian group was further subdivided into low carbohydrate (less than 30% of energy from carbohydrate), medium (30% to 55%), and high (greater than 55% of energy). Within the high carbohydrate group, participants were classified as having Pyramid or non-Pyramid eating patterns. The Pyramid group was defined as 30% or less of energy from fat and at least one serving from the five major food groups in the USDA Food Guide Pyramid. Finally, the non-Pyramid group was further subdivided into low fat (less than 15% of energy from fat) and moderate fat (15% to 30% of energy from fat). In addition, a review of the published scientific literature was conducted; all studies identified were included in the review.
10,014 adults, aged 19 years and older, from the 1994-1996 CSFII were included in the analyses of extant data. More than 200 individual studies were included in the review of the literature.
Analyses of the CSFII indicate that diet quality as measured by HEI was highest for the high carbohydrate Pyramid group (82.9) and lowest for the low carbohydrate group (44.6). Energy intakes were low for the vegetarians (1,606 kcals) and high carbohydrate/low fat group (1360 kcals). BMIs were lowest for women in the vegetarian group (24.6) and the high carbohydrate/low fat group (24.4); for men, the lowest BMIs were observed for vegetarians (25.2) and the high carbohydrate Pyramid group (25.2). Review of the literature suggests that weight loss is independent of diet composition. Energy restriction is the key variable associated with weight reduction in the short term.
Diets that are high in carbohydrate and low to moderate in fat tend to be lower in energy. The lowest energy intakes were observed for those on a vegetarian diet. The diet quality as measured by HEI was highest for the high carbohydrate groups and lowest for the low carbohydrate groups. The BMIs were significantly lower for men and women on the high carbohydrate diet; the highest BMIs were noted for those on a low carbohydrate diet.
研究一系列健康与营养指标和流行饮食之间的关联。
利用1994 - 1996年个人食物摄入量持续调查（CSFII）的数据，来研究原型流行饮食与饮食质量（通过健康饮食指数（HEI）衡量）、消费模式和体重指数（BMI）之间的关系。原型饮食包括素食（调查当天无肉类、家禽或鱼类）和非素食。非素食组进一步细分为低碳水化合物组（碳水化合物供能低于30%）、中碳水化合物组（30%至55%）和高碳水化合物组（碳水化合物供能高于55%）。在高碳水化合物组中，参与者被分类为具有金字塔型或非金字塔型饮食模式。金字塔型组定义为脂肪供能30%或更低，且至少摄入一份美国农业部食物指南金字塔中五大主要食物组的食物。最后，非金字塔型组进一步细分为低脂组（脂肪供能低于15%）和中脂组（脂肪供能15%至30%）。此外，对已发表的科学文献进行了综述；所有确定的研究均纳入综述。
对1994 - 1996年CSFII中10,014名19岁及以上的成年人进行现有数据分析。文献综述纳入了200多项个体研究。
CSFII分析表明，通过HEI衡量的饮食质量在高碳水化合物金字塔型组中最高（82.9），在低碳水化合物组中最低（44.6）。素食者（1,606千卡）和高碳水化合物/低脂组（1360千卡）的能量摄入量较低。素食组女性（24.6）和高碳水化合物/低脂组女性（24.4）的BMI最低；男性中，素食者（25.2）和高碳水化合物金字塔型组男性（25.2）的BMI最低。文献综述表明体重减轻与饮食组成无关。能量限制是短期内与体重减轻相关的关键变量。
碳水化合物含量高且脂肪含量低至中等的饮食往往能量较低。素食者的能量摄入量最低。通过HEI衡量的饮食质量在高碳水化合物组中最高，在低碳水化合物组中最低。高碳水化合物饮食的男性和女性的BMI显著较低；低碳水化合物饮食者的BMI最高。
