Cross G B, Marley J, Miles H, Willson K
Department of General Practice, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Br J Nutr. 2001 Apr;85(4):475-82. doi: 10.1079/bjn2000283.
This study presents the nutrient data collected from women who were being screened for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) for entry into an intervention study. Screening was by the Steiner self-rated questionnaire. One hundred and forty-four overweight women completed the screening process and eighty-eight met the criteria for PMS. All women kept 4 d diet diaries pre- and postmenstrually over two menstrual cycles. The mean energy and macronutrient intakes were compared between the pre- and postmenstrual phases. Energy and macronutrient intake was also calculated according to food categories. Goldberg's cut-off limit for the ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate was used to exclude data that was incompatible with predicted energy requirements. The diet diaries were also used to determine the mean number of meals or snacks eaten pre- and postmenstrually. Nutrient analysis of the diet diaries of the women with PMS showed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in total energy and all macronutrients premenstrually when compared to nutrient intake postmenstrually. Women who did not meet the criteria for PMS showed a significant increase in energy and fat intake (P < 0.05) but not in the other macronutrients. When adjusted for energy, data collected from women with PMS showed a premenstrual significant increase in fat, carbohydrate (P < 0.05) and simple sugars (P < 0.001). There was a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in protein premenstrually. Women not meeting the PMS criteria showed no significant difference between pre- and postmenstrual intakes when adjusted for energy. Analysis according to food categories in women with PMS showed a significantly greater intake premenstrually of energy and all macronutrients for cereals, cakes and desserts and high-sugar foods (P < 0.001). In women with PMS there was a significantly greater number of 'episodes of eating' premenstrually (P < 0.001). This study provides further evidence, to support the very limited number of earlier studies, that there is a group of women with PMS who increase their nutrient intake during the premenstrual phase. This could potentially be a contributing factor for some women experiencing difficulties adhering to suggested dietary modification and should be considered when counselling premenopausal women.
本研究展示了从因要参与一项干预研究而接受经前综合征（PMS）筛查的女性中收集到的营养数据。筛查采用施泰纳自评问卷。144名超重女性完成了筛查过程，其中88名符合PMS标准。所有女性在两个月经周期的经前和经后阶段都记录了4天的饮食日记。比较了经前和经后阶段的平均能量及常量营养素摄入量。还根据食物类别计算了能量和常量营养素摄入量。采用戈德堡能量摄入量与估计基础代谢率比值的临界值来排除与预测能量需求不相符的数据。饮食日记还用于确定经前和经后阶段进食的餐数或零食数量。对患有PMS女性的饮食日记进行营养分析发现，与经后营养摄入量相比，经前总能量和所有常量营养素均显著增加（P < 0.001）。未符合PMS标准的女性能量和脂肪摄入量显著增加（P < 0.05），但其他常量营养素未增加。在对能量进行调整后，从患有PMS的女性收集的数据显示，经前脂肪、碳水化合物（P < 0.05）和单糖（P < 0.001）显著增加。经前蛋白质显著减少（P < 0.001）。未符合PMS标准的女性在对能量进行调整后，经前和经后摄入量无显著差异。对患有PMS女性按食物类别进行分析显示，经前谷物、蛋糕和甜点以及高糖食物的能量和所有常量营养素摄入量显著更高（P < 0.001）。患有PMS的女性经前“进食次数”显著更多（P < 0.001）。本研究提供了进一步的证据，以支持数量非常有限的早期研究，即有一组患有PMS的女性在经前阶段会增加营养摄入量。这可能是一些女性在坚持建议饮食调整方面遇到困难的一个促成因素，在为绝经前女性提供咨询时应予以考虑。
