Theory on the evolutionary history of lamprey metamorphosis: role of reproductive and thyroid axes.

Metamorphosis is a developmental strategy used by only a small number of extant fishes and little is known about its phylogenetic development during the evolution history of this large group of vertebrates. The present report provides a putative evolutionary history of metamorphosis in the lamprey, an extant agnathan with direct descendancy from some of the oldest known vertebrates. The study reviews recent data on the role of the thyroid gland and its hormones in metamorphosis, summarizes some recent views on the evolution of the endostyle/follicular thyroid in lampreys, and provides new data on the content of two gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH-I and -III) in brain during goitrogen-stimulated, precocious metamorphosis. These new data support an earlier viewpoint of a relationship between thyroid and reproductive axes during metamorphosis. It is proposed that the earliest lampreys were paedomorphic larvae and they lived in a marine environment; as such, they resembled in many ways the larvae from which the ancient protochordates, Larvacea, are derived. The iodide-concentrating efficiency of the endostyle was a critical factor in the evolution of metamorphosis and this gland was replaced by a follicular thyroid, for postmetamorphic animals needed to store iodine following their invasion of freshwater. Larval growth and postmetamorphic reproduction in freshwater became fixtures in the lamprey life cycle; a non-parasitic adult life-history type appeared later. The presence among extant lampreys of two different adult life-history types, and examples of the lability of the timing of sexual maturation in some species, imply that there has been a complex interplay between the thyroid and reproductive axes during the evolution of metamorphosis in lampreys. This proposal is consistent with what we know of interplay of these axes in extant adult lampreys and with the long-held viewpoint that thyroid function and sexual maturation are an association with an ancient history.