Finite element models in tissue mechanics and orthopaedic implant design.

This article attempts to review the literature on finite element modelling in three areas of biomechanics: (i) analysis of the skeleton, (ii) analysis and design of orthopaedic devices and (iii) analysis of tissue growth, remodelling and degeneration. It is shown that the method applied to bone and soft tissue has allowed researchers to predict the deformations of musculoskeletal structures and to explore biophysical stimuli within tissues at the cellular level. Next, the contribution of finite element modelling to the scientific understanding of joint replacement is reviewed. Finally, it is shown that, by incorporating finite element models into iterative computer procedures, adaptive biological processes can be simulated opening an exciting field of research by allowing scientists to test proposed 'rules' or 'algorithms' for tissue growth, adaptation and degeneration. These algorithms have been used to explore the mechanical basis of processes such as bone remodelling, fracture healing and osteoporosis. RELEVANCE: With faster computers and more reliable software, computer simulation is becoming an important tool of orthopaedic research. Future research programmes will use computer simulation to reduce the reliance on animal experimentation, and to complement clinical trials.