Kassinove J I, Schare M L
Department of Psychology, Hofstra University, New Jersey, USA.
Psychol Addict Behav. 2001 Jun;15(2):155-8. doi: 10.1037//0893-164x.15.2.155.
This study was conducted to examine the effects of the "near miss," when a player almost wins, and the "big win," a large early monetary gain, on persistence at slot machine gambling. One hundred eighty male and female undergraduates played a 4-wheel computerized slot machine. A 2 x 3 randomized factorial design and an acquisition-extinction procedure were used. The dependent variable, persistence, was defined by the number of trials in the extinction phase. As hypothesized, the near miss had a statistically significant effect on the number of trials in extinction. An inverted U-shaped effect of the near miss showed that the 30% near miss condition led to the greatest persistence, as compared to 45% and 15% near miss conditions. There was no statistically significant effect of the big win. Both cognitive and behavioral theories are discussed as explanations for effects of the near miss.
本研究旨在考察“差点赢”（玩家几乎获胜的情况）和“大赢”（早期获得大量金钱收益）对老虎机赌博持续行为的影响。180名男女本科生参与了一款四轮电脑老虎机游戏。采用了2×3随机析因设计和习得-消退程序。因变量“持续行为”由消退阶段的试验次数来定义。正如所假设的那样，“差点赢”对消退阶段的试验次数有统计学上的显著影响。“差点赢”呈现出倒U形效应，表明与45%和15%的“差点赢”条件相比，30%的“差点赢”条件导致了最大程度的持续行为。“大赢”没有统计学上的显著影响。文中讨论了认知理论和行为理论，以此来解释“差点赢”的影响。
