Brenner R A, Trumble A C, Smith G S, Kessler E P, Overpeck M D
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Pediatrics. 2001 Jul;108(1):85-9. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.1.85.
Drowning is the second leading cause of unintentional injury death among children ages 1 to 19 years. Details about the specific site of submersion are important for implementation of primary prevention efforts, but are not routinely available from national data.
To provide national data about the specific sites of drowning among US children and to examine site-specific drowning rates by age, race, and gender.
United States, 1995.
Information was abstracted from death certificates for unintentional drownings among children <20 years of age. The site of drowning was coded from free text on death certificates. Proportional distributions of the site of drowning by age, region, gender, and race were examined. Site-specific drowning rates were calculated by age, race, and gender. Denominators were based on US Census Bureau, June 1995 estimates of the US population.
For 1995, death certificates were obtained for 1420 unintentional drownings among children <20 years of age, 98% of the number of drowning deaths reported by the National Center for Health Statistics for the same year. Site of drowning was specified on 1308 (92%) death certificates. Fifty-five percent of infant drownings were in bathtubs. Among children between the ages of 1 to 4 years, 56% of drownings were in artificial pools and 26% were in other bodies of freshwater. Among older children, 63% of drownings were in natural bodies of freshwater. Site-specific drowning rates varied by race. Importantly, after the age of 5 years, the risk of drowning in a swimming pool was greater among black males compared with white males with rate ratios of 15.1 (95% confidence interval: 6.7-38.5) among 10- to 14-year-olds and 12.8 (95% confidence interval: 6.5-26.9) among 15- to 19-year-olds.
The variety of sites in which children drown, even within specific age groups, emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention. Reductions in the relatively high rates of drowning among black adolescent males will require targeted interventions to prevent swimming pool drownings among this group.
溺水是1至19岁儿童非故意伤害死亡的第二大原因。关于溺水具体地点的详细信息对于实施一级预防措施很重要，但国家数据中通常没有此类信息。
提供美国儿童溺水具体地点的国家数据，并按年龄、种族和性别检查特定地点的溺水率。
美国，1995年。
从20岁以下儿童非故意溺水死亡证明中提取信息。溺水地点根据死亡证明上的自由文本进行编码。检查了溺水地点按年龄、地区、性别和种族的比例分布。按年龄、种族和性别计算特定地点的溺水率。分母基于美国人口普查局1995年6月对美国人口的估计。
1995年，获得了20岁以下儿童1420例非故意溺水死亡证明，占当年国家卫生统计中心报告的溺水死亡人数的98%。1308份（92%）死亡证明上注明了溺水地点。55%的婴儿溺水发生在浴缸。1至4岁儿童中，56%的溺水发生在人工游泳池，26%发生在其他淡水体。年龄较大的儿童中，63%的溺水发生在天然淡水体。特定地点的溺水率因种族而异。重要的是，5岁以后，黑人男性在游泳池溺水的风险高于白人男性，10至14岁儿童的率比为15.1（95%置信区间：6.7 - 38.5），15至19岁儿童的率比为12.8（95%置信区间：6.5 - 26.9）。
儿童溺水的地点多种多样，即使在特定年龄组内也是如此，这凸显了采取多方面预防方法的必要性。降低黑人青少年男性相对较高的溺水率将需要有针对性的干预措施，以预防该群体在游泳池溺水。
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