Noninvasive picoliter volume thermometry based on backscatter interferometry.

Using the on-chip refractive index (RI) detector based on backscatter interferometry, sensitive, small volume, noninvasive thermometry can be performed. The current optical configuration for the on-chip interferometric backscatter detector (OCIBD) is quite simple and consists of an unfocused laser, an unaltered chip with a hemispherical channel and a photodetector. Alignment is straightforward with the only requirement being that the beam fully fills the channel. The interaction of an unfocused laser beam with the uncoated etched channel with a curvature within the silica plate (chip) produces fringes whose positional changes scale with respect to the refractive index (RI), n, of the fluid in the channel. Due to the inherently high value of dn/dT for most fluids and the high sensitivity of OCIBD to RI changes, the measurement of small temperature variations in sub-nanoliter volumes is possible. Performing OCIBD with a 75 microm diameter laser beam on a silica chip that contains an etched channel with a 40 microm radius facilitates noninvasive thermometry on a N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES) solution in a 188 x 10(-12) L probe volume with a temperature resolution of 9.9 x 10(-4) degrees C, at the 99% confidence level.