Purification, molecular cloning, and properties of a beta-glycosidase isolated from midgut lumen of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) larvae.

Two beta-glycosidases (M(r) 59k) were purified from midgut contents of larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The two enzymes (betaGly1 and betaGly2) have identical kinetic properties, but differ in hydrophobicity. The two glycosidases were cloned and their sequences differ by only four amino acids. The T. molitor glycosidases are family 1 glycoside hydrolases and have the E379 (nucleophile) and E169 (proton donor) as catalytic amino acids based on sequence alignments. The enzymes share high homology and similarity with other insect, mammalian and plant beta-glycosidases. The two enzymes may hydrolyze several substrates, such as disaccharides, arylglucosides, natural occurring plant glucosides, alkylglucosides, oligocellodextrins and the polymer laminarin. The enzymes have only one catalytic site, as inferred from experiments of competition between substrates and sequence alignments. The observed inhibition by high concentrations of the plant glucoside amygdalin, used as substrate, is an artifact generated by transglucosylation. The active site of each purified beta-glycosidase has four subsites, of which subsites +1 and +2 bind glucose with more affinity. Subsite +2 has more affinity for hydrophobic groups, binding with increasing affinities: glucose, mandelonitrile and nitrophenyl moieties. Subsite +3 has more affinity for glucose than butylene moieties. The intrinsic catalytic constant calculated for hydrolysis of the glucose beta-1,4-glucosidic bond is 21.2 s(-1) x M(-1). The putative physiological role of these enzymes is the digestion of di- and oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses.