Angel J L, Buckley C J, Sakamoto A
Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, 78713, USA.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2001 Sep;56(5):S275-84. doi: 10.1093/geronb/56.5.s275.
This study examined nativity as a risk factor for poor physical and emotional health for an ethnically diverse population making the transition into retirement. The authors addressed whether the health disadvantage observed for immigrants lessens with increased time spent in the country (supporting theories of assimilation) or increases with duration of residence (supporting theories of cumulative disadvantage).
The sample was drawn from Waves 1 and 2 of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), an in-depth economic, social, and health database of persons in midlife and beyond. The analyses were restricted to 9,912 native-born and 1,031 foreign-born individuals.
The data revealed that after socioeconomic factors were controlled, foreign-born individuals were at higher risk of poor emotional health than their native-born counterparts. Although aging immigrants displayed worse health than the native-born population, this disadvantage was mediated by duration of residence (young age at migration) and socioeconomic incorporation.
These findings extend our understanding of nativity and duration as risk factors for poor physical and emotional health. Immigrants may overcome the nativity disadvantages found for emotional distress with increased duration of residence, but the pattern becomes more complicated with the inclusion of race and Hispanic ethnicity.
本研究考察了出生地作为不同种族人群退休转型期身心健康不佳的一个风险因素。作者探讨了观察到的移民健康劣势是会随着在该国居住时间的增加而减轻（支持同化理论）还是会随着居住时间的延长而增加（支持累积劣势理论）。
样本取自健康与退休研究（HRS）的第1波和第2波数据，这是一个关于中年及以上人群的深入经济、社会和健康数据库。分析仅限于9912名本土出生和1031名外国出生的个体。
数据显示，在控制了社会经济因素后，外国出生的个体比本土出生的个体有更高的情绪健康不佳风险。尽管老年移民的健康状况比本土出生人群更差，但这种劣势是由居住时间（移民时年龄较小）和社会经济融入情况所介导的。
这些发现扩展了我们对出生地和居住时间作为身心健康不佳风险因素的理解。随着居住时间的增加，移民可能会克服在情绪困扰方面存在的出生地劣势，但将种族和西班牙裔纳入考虑后，情况会变得更加复杂。
