Waligora J M, Horrigan D J, Nicogossian A
Space Biomedical Research Institute, NASA, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas.
Acta Astronaut. 1991;23:171-7. doi: 10.1016/0094-5765(91)90116-m.
The majority of the environmental factors which comprise the spacecraft and space suit environments can be controlled at "Earth normal" values, at optimum values, or at other values decided upon by spacecraft designers. Factors which are considered in arriving at control values and control ranges of these parameters include physiological, engineering, operational cost, and safety considerations. Several of the physiological considerations, including hypoxia and hyperoxia, hypercapnia, temperature regulation, and decompression sickness are identified and their impact on spacecraft and space suit atmosphere selection are considered. The past experience in controlling these parameters in U.S. and Soviet spacecraft and space suits and the associated physiological responses are reviewed. Current areas of physiological investigation relating to environmental factors in spacecraft are discussed, particularly decompression sickness which can occur as a result of change in pressure from Earth to spacecraft or spacecraft to space suit. Physiological considerations for long-term lunar or Martian missions will have different impacts on atmosphere selection and may result in the selection of atmospheres different than those currently in use.
构成航天器和航天服环境的大多数环境因素可以控制在“地球正常”值、最佳值或航天器设计师决定的其他值。在确定这些参数的控制值和控制范围时考虑的因素包括生理学、工程学、运营成本和安全考量。确定了若干生理学考量因素，包括低氧和高氧、高碳酸血症、温度调节和减压病，并考虑了它们对航天器和航天服大气选择的影响。回顾了美国和苏联航天器及航天服在控制这些参数方面的过往经验以及相关的生理反应。讨论了当前与航天器环境因素相关的生理学研究领域，特别是由于从地球到航天器或从航天器到航天服的压力变化可能导致的减压病。长期月球或火星任务的生理学考量将对大气选择产生不同影响，可能导致选择与目前使用的大气不同的大气。
