Fedoseeva E B
Zoological Museum of Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya 6, Moscow 103009, Russia.
Zh Obshch Biol. 2001 Mar-Apr;62(2):157-70.
According to degree of segmental fusion insect head is the most integrated part of the body. Head skeleton subdivides into capsule and skeleton of appendages. Exo- and endoskeleton (tentorium) of head capsule have complex segmental origin. Marked margins are generally absent between such traditionally discriminated capsule parts as clypeus, frons, vertex, occiput, genae, etc. Relative position to marked structures (appendages, eyes, ocelli, occipital foramen and etc.) defines the capsule parts, but homologization of last ones is complicated both by absence of substantive functions and complex segmental origin. Based on the technological point of view author characterizes head capsule construction in Aculeata. Capsule parts were studied as components of six technological systems associated with the head: maxillolabial, antennal, pharyngeal, optical, cranio-articulate and mandibular. Spatial relations, named by I.I. Schmalhausen as topographical co-ordinations, integrate head systems. Therefore relative position of the capsule parts incorporated in such systems is unvaried under any reconstruction. At the same time varieties of their forms and proportions reflect on form and topography of capsule as a whole. Comparative analysis of the capsule construction in Bethyloidea, Formicoidea, Sphecoidea, Vespoidea, Pompiloidea and Scolioidea has shown that many differences are determined by mutual modification of technological systems. In particular the increase in head elevation related with reconstruction of cranio-articulate system is accompanied with the shift of antennae to anterior end of the head. The capsule construction in Aculeata considered to be represented by hypognathous, prognathous and hypo-prognathous morphological types that determine head orientation towards longitudinal body axis. The role of topographical co-ordinations in formation of prognathous or hypognathous condition of the head in Aculeata is discussed.
根据节段融合程度，昆虫的头部是身体最整合的部分。头部骨骼可细分为头壳和附肢骨骼。头壳的外骨骼和内骨骼（幕骨）具有复杂的节段起源。在传统上区分的头壳部分，如唇基、额、头顶、后头、颊等之间通常没有明显的边缘。与明显结构（附肢、眼睛、单眼、枕骨大孔等）的相对位置定义了头壳部分，但由于缺乏实质功能和复杂的节段起源，最后这些部分的同源性很复杂。从技术角度出发，作者描述了针尾部昆虫头壳的结构。头壳部分被作为与头部相关的六个技术系统的组成部分进行研究：上唇下颚系统、触角系统、咽系统、视觉系统、颅关节系统和上颚系统。I.I. 施马尔豪森命名为地形协调的空间关系整合了头部系统。因此，在任何重建情况下，纳入此类系统的头壳部分的相对位置都是不变的。同时，它们形式和比例的变化反映在整个头壳的形式和地形上。对叶蜂总科、蚁总科、胡蜂总科、黄蜂总科、蛛蜂总科和土蜂总科头壳结构的比较分析表明，许多差异是由技术系统的相互改变所决定的。特别是与颅关节系统重建相关的头部抬高增加伴随着触角向头部前端的移动。针尾部昆虫的头壳结构被认为由下口式、前口式和下前口式形态类型代表，这些类型决定了头部相对于身体纵轴的方向。讨论了地形协调在针尾部昆虫头部前口式或下口式状态形成中的作用。
