Shahan T A, Bickel W K, Badger G J, Giordano L A
Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA.
Behav Pharmacol. 2001 Jul;12(4):277-84. doi: 10.1097/00008877-200107000-00006.
A previous report from our laboratory showed similar measures of reinforcing efficacy for nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes when each cigarette type was presented alone. The present experiment further compared the reinforcing efficacy of nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes by assessing the effects of alternative non-drug reinforcement on self-administration of both cigarette types. Eight human subjects responded on a progressive-ratio schedule in which the number of plunger pulls required for standardized cigarette puffs increased across sessions. Responding for the two types of cigarette was examined when each was available alone and when the concurrent opportunity to earn money was available. Consumption of nicotine-containing and de-nicotinized cigarettes was decreased by both increases in price and by the concurrent availability of money. The two cigarettes types did not differ in their sensitivity to price or alternative non-drug reinforcement. These results replicate our previous report of similar measures of reinforcing efficacy for the two cigarette types when each was presented alone, and extend our previous findings to a choice situation involving an alternative non-drug reinforcer. These data suggest the importance of further examination of non-pharmacological variables in the maintenance of drug taking and the sensitivity of drug taking to alternative non-drug sources of reinforcement. Factors potentially contributing to the maintenance of smoking the de-nicotinized cigarettes (i.e. conditioned reinforcement, primary reinforcement by respiratory stimulation, instructional control, demand characteristics) are also discussed.
我们实验室之前的一份报告显示，当单独呈现每种香烟类型时，含尼古丁香烟和去尼古丁香烟的强化效力测量结果相似。本实验通过评估替代性非药物强化对两种香烟类型自我给药的影响，进一步比较了含尼古丁香烟和去尼古丁香烟的强化效力。八名人类受试者按照累进比率程序做出反应，在该程序中，标准化香烟抽吸所需的柱塞拉动次数在各阶段增加。分别考察了单独提供每种香烟以及同时提供赚钱机会时，对这两种香烟的反应情况。含尼古丁香烟和去尼古丁香烟的消费量都因价格上涨和同时提供赚钱机会而减少。这两种香烟类型对价格或替代性非药物强化的敏感度没有差异。这些结果重复了我们之前的报告，即当单独呈现每种香烟类型时，两种香烟类型的强化效力测量结果相似，并将我们之前的发现扩展到了涉及替代性非药物强化物的选择情境中。这些数据表明，进一步研究非药理学变量在维持药物使用中的重要性以及药物使用对替代性非药物强化源的敏感度很有必要。还讨论了可能导致吸食去尼古丁香烟的因素（即条件强化、呼吸刺激的初级强化、指令控制、需求特征）。
