Johnson M W, Bickel W K
University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Vermont 05401-1419, USA.
Behav Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;14(2):137-44. doi: 10.1097/00008877-200303000-00005.
The present study examined the consumption of cigarettes and two alternative reinforcers in dependent smokers. Cigarette price (response requirement) increased across sessions while alternatives were available at a fixed price in four phases of availability: (1). cigarettes alone; (2). cigarettes and nicotine gum; (3). cigarettes and money; and (4). cigarettes, nicotine gum, and money. Cigarette consumption decreased with increasing price throughout. In the cigarette and nicotine gum phase, nicotine gum consumption increased with cigarette price, indicating nicotine gum to be a substitute for cigarettes. In the cigarette and money phase, money consumption increased slightly with cigarette price, indicating money to be an independent reinforcer for cigarettes. When all three reinforcers were present, money again served as an independent reinforcer. During this phase, nicotine gum consumption increased marginally, but the small magnitude of increase suggests that nicotine gum functioned as an independent reinforcer rather than a substitute. Cigarette consumption decreased modestly when nicotine gum was available, and to a larger extent when money or both alternatives were available. The results highlight the potential for an independent reinforcer such as money to be more effective at reducing drug use than a pharmacological substitute.
本研究考察了依赖吸烟者对香烟和两种替代强化物的消费情况。在各实验环节中，香烟价格（反应要求）逐渐提高，而在四个替代物可得阶段，替代物以固定价格提供：（1）仅提供香烟；（2）提供香烟和尼古丁口香糖；（3）提供香烟和金钱；（4）提供香烟、尼古丁口香糖和金钱。在整个过程中，香烟消费随价格上涨而减少。在香烟和尼古丁口香糖阶段，尼古丁口香糖的消费随香烟价格上升，表明尼古丁口香糖可替代香烟。在香烟和金钱阶段，金钱消费随香烟价格略有增加，表明金钱是香烟的一种独立强化物。当三种强化物都存在时，金钱再次作为独立强化物。在此阶段，尼古丁口香糖的消费略有增加，但增加幅度较小，表明尼古丁口香糖起到独立强化物的作用，而非替代品。当有尼古丁口香糖时，香烟消费适度下降，当有金钱或两种替代物时，香烟消费下降幅度更大。结果表明，像金钱这样的独立强化物在减少药物使用方面可能比药物替代品更有效。
