Lankin V S, Bouissou M F
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia.
Genetika. 2001 Jul;37(7):947-61.
Fear response and domestic behavior of sheep, cattle, horses, and pigs were studied using four different variants of experimental stress conditions. As standard aversive stimulus, the factor of human presence during the feeding time was used under the following conditions: animals were starved for 12-14 or 2 h before the exposure and fed individually or in a group. In the animal species studied, these conditions were found to reveal phenotypic and genotypic differences in fear response to humans, which is correlated with feeding behavior by regulatory mechanisms. A comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the discrete variation of the associated passive-defensive responses and feeding behavior (as related to domestic behavior) was conducted with regard to the effect of the breed and individual genotypes and the feeding and zoosocial deprivation. A classification scheme of the individual diversity of this behavior in farm animal species is proposed, in which ontogenetic and evolutionary relationships earlier found in sheep were taken into consideration. It is suggested that the progressive ecological and zootechnical specialization alters adaptive reaction norms of stress response in breeds and leads to the formation of the homologous variation in a set of coadapted traits, i.e., constitutional types of animals genetically marked by their behavior. A conclusion is made that heritable polymorphism of domestic behavior represents a new source of adaptive variation for improving the total fitness, welfare, and productivity of farm animals by breeding.
利用四种不同的实验应激条件变体，研究了绵羊、牛、马和猪的恐惧反应及驯化行为。作为标准厌恶刺激，在以下条件下使用喂食期间人类存在这一因素：动物在暴露前饥饿12 - 14小时或2小时，并单独或成群喂食。在所研究的动物物种中，发现这些条件揭示了对人类恐惧反应的表型和基因型差异，其通过调节机制与摄食行为相关。针对品种和个体基因型以及喂食和社会剥夺的影响，对相关被动防御反应和摄食行为（与驯化行为相关）的离散变异进行了比较定性和定量研究。提出了一种家畜物种这种行为个体多样性的分类方案，其中考虑了先前在绵羊中发现的个体发育和进化关系。研究表明，渐进的生态和畜牧技术专业化改变了品种应激反应的适应性反应规范，并导致一组共同适应性状中同源变异的形成，即通过行为进行遗传标记的动物体质类型。得出的结论是，驯化行为的遗传多态性是通过育种提高家畜总体适应性、福利和生产力的适应性变异的新来源。
