Rice P J, McConnell L L, Heighton L P, Sadeghi A M, Isensee A R, Teasdale J R, Abdul-Baki A A, Harman-Fetcho J A, Hapeman C J
USDA-ARS, Soil and Water Management Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2001 Sep-Oct;30(5):1808-21. doi: 10.2134/jeq2001.3051808x.
Current vegetable production systems use polyethylene (plastic) mulch and require multiple applications of agrochemicals. During rain events, runoff from vegetable production is enhanced because 50 to 75% of the field is covered with an impervious surface. This study was conducted to quantify off-site movement of soil and pesticides with runoff from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plots containing polyethylene mulch and a vegetative mulch, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth). Side-by-side field plots were instrumented with automated flow meters and samplers to measure and collect runoff, which was filtered, extracted, and analyzed to determine soil and pesticide loss. Seasonal losses of two to four times more water and at least three times as much sediment were observed from plots with polyethvlene mulch (55.4 to 146 L m(-2) and 247 to 535 g m(-2), respectively) versus plots with hairy vetch residue (13.7 to 75.7 L m(-2) and 32.8 to 118 g m(-2), respectively). Geometric means (+/-standard deviation) of total pesticide loads for chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) and alpha-and beta-endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide) for a runoff event were 19, 6, and 9 times greater from polyethylene (800+/-4.6, 17.6+/-3.9, and 39.1+/-4.9 microg m(-2), respectively) than from hairy vetch mulch plots (42+/-6.0, 2.8+/-5.0, and 4.3+/-4.6 microg m(-2), respectively) due to greater concentrations and larger runoff volumes. The increased runoff volume, soil loss, and off-site loading of pesticides measured in runoff from the polyethylene mulch suggests that this management practice is less sustainable and may have a harmful effect on the environment.
当前的蔬菜生产系统使用聚乙烯（塑料）地膜，并且需要多次施用农用化学品。在降雨期间，蔬菜生产产生的径流会增加，因为50%至75%的田地被不透水的表面覆盖。本研究旨在量化来自含有聚乙烯地膜和植被覆盖物（毛苕子，Vicia villosa Roth）的番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.）地块径流中土壤和农药的场外迁移情况。并排的田间地块安装了自动流量计和采样器，以测量和收集径流，对径流进行过滤、提取和分析，以确定土壤和农药损失。与有毛苕子残茬的地块（分别为13.7至75.7 L m(-2)和32.8至118 g m(-2)）相比，观察到有聚乙烯地膜的地块季节性水分损失多两到四倍，沉积物损失至少多三倍（分别为55.4至146 L m(-2)和247至535 g m(-2)）。由于浓度更高和径流量更大，在一次径流事件中，百菌清（四氯间苯二腈）以及α-和β-硫丹（6,7,8,9,10,10-六氯-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-六氢-6,9-亚甲基-2,4,3-苯并二氧硫杂环庚烷3-氧化物）的总农药负荷几何平均值（±标准差）从聚乙烯地膜地块（分别为800±4.6、17.6±3.9和39.1±4.9 μg m(-2)）比从毛苕子覆盖地块（分别为42±6.0、2.8±5.0和4.3±4.6 μg m(-2)）大19、6和9倍。在聚乙烯地膜径流中测得的径流量增加以及土壤流失和农药场外负荷增加表明，这种管理做法的可持续性较差，可能对环境产生有害影响。
