Rice Pamela J, Harman-Fetcho Jennifer A, Teasdale John R, Sadeghi Ali M, McConnell Laura L, Coffman C Benjamin, Herbert Rachel R, Heighton Lynne P, Hapeman Cathleen J
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Soil Water and Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, Room 439, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2004 Mar;23(3):719-25. doi: 10.1897/03-14.
The transport of runoff with high copper concentrations and sediment loads into adjacent surface waters can have adverse effects on nontarget organisms as a result of increased turbidity and degraded water quality. Runoff from vegetable production utilizing polyethylene mulch can contain up to 35% of applied copper, a widely used fungicide/bactericide that has adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Copper is primarily transported in runoff with suspended particulates; therefore, implementation of management practices that minimize soil erosion will reduce copper loads. Replacing bare-soil furrows with furrows planted in rye (Secale cereale) significantly improved the sustainability of vegetable production with polyethylene mulch and reduced the potential environmental impact of this management practice. Vegetative furrows decreased runoff volume by >40% and soil erosion by >80%. Copper loads with runoff were reduced by 72% in 2001, primarily as a result of reduced soil erosion since more than 88% of the total copper loads were transported in runoff with suspended soil particulates. Tomato yields in both years were similar between the polyethylene mulch plots containing either bare-soil or vegetative furrows. Replacing bare-soil furrows with vegetative furrows greatly reduces the effects of sediments and agrochemicals on sensitive ecosystems while maintaining crop yields.
高铜浓度和高沉积物负荷的径流进入相邻地表水，会因浊度增加和水质恶化而对非目标生物产生不利影响。使用聚乙烯地膜的蔬菜生产产生的径流中，可能含有高达35% 的施用量的铜，铜是一种广泛使用的杀菌剂，对水生生物有不利影响。铜主要随悬浮颗粒物在径流中传输；因此，实施减少土壤侵蚀的管理措施将降低铜的负荷。用种植黑麦（黑麦草）的沟取代裸土沟，显著提高了使用聚乙烯地膜的蔬菜生产的可持续性，并降低了这种管理措施对环境的潜在影响。植被沟使径流量减少了40% 以上，土壤侵蚀减少了80% 以上。2001年，径流中的铜负荷减少了72%，这主要是由于土壤侵蚀减少，因为总铜负荷的88% 以上是随悬浮土壤颗粒在径流中传输的。在含有裸土或植被沟的聚乙烯地膜地块中，两年的番茄产量相似。用植被沟取代裸土沟，在保持作物产量的同时，大大减少了沉积物和农用化学品对敏感生态系统的影响。
