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In Germany a new type of hospital pharmacist with new tasks and new professional aims developed from the formation of modern hospitals in the 19th century, the pharmacists' organization however was not able to successfully prevent the hospital pharmacists from becoming independent. The strategy of ostracism, however, pursued by the German Apothecaries Association (DAV) and the Association of German Apothecaries (VdA/VkA) led inevitably to the formation of a new profession with its own characteristic features - a profession within their own profession, defined by the foundation of a professional association and by the aim to monopolize hospital drug supplies and thereby displace the competing group of dispensary nurses.