Nolan P
School of Health Sciences: Nursing, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, UK.
Int Hist Nurs J. 1998;4(2):15-21.
Two dominant caring ideologies have prevailed in mental health care over the past two centuries and are observable in modern nursing theory and practice. The first is grounded in philosophy and focuses on such issues as: "What is it to be human?"; "How should the good life be lived?" and "What conditions enable human beings to realise their potential?" The best example of this humanistic approach can be seen in the care that was provided at the York Retreat in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The second ideology is the result of the rise of biological psychiatry during and after the Second World War. Psychiatric nurses serving in the forces worked alongside doctors as autonomous practitioners and brought their considerably extended expertise back to their civilian work. This paper examines the ethos of the York Retreat and the innovative work of nurses during the Second World War and shows how they have influenced mental health nursing today.
在过去两个世纪里，两种占主导地位的护理理念在精神卫生护理领域盛行，并在现代护理理论与实践中有所体现。第一种理念以哲学为基础，关注诸如“人是什么？”“美好生活应如何度过？”以及“哪些条件能使人类实现自身潜力？”等问题。这种人文主义方法的最佳范例可见于18世纪末19世纪初约克疗养院提供的护理。第二种理念是第二次世界大战期间及战后生物精神病学兴起的结果。在军队中服务的精神科护士作为自主从业者与医生并肩工作，并将其大幅扩展的专业知识带回 civilian工作中。本文考察了约克疗养院的精神气质以及第二次世界大战期间护士的创新工作，并展示了它们如今是如何影响精神卫生护理的。 （注：原文中“civilian work”直译为“平民工作”，结合语境这里可能是指“非军事的护理工作”等，可根据实际情况进一步优化表述，但按要求不添加解释说明。）
