Akert K
Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
J Hist Neurosci. 1999 Dec;8(3):248-63. doi: 10.1076/jhin.8.3.248.1822.
The present account includes a brief life history of Walter Rudolf Hess (1881-1973) and a review of his major neurophysiological contributions. Hess belonged to the nearly extinct generation of great universalists among students of human physiology. He began his scientific work in hemodynamics and ophthalmology, then studied the functional organization and regulation of circulation and respiration and developed a number of highly sophisticated instruments which fostered his international reputation. By electrically stimulating the brain of the unanesthetized, freely moving animal he explored the functional organization and localization of the cat diencephalon in terms of autonomic, extrapyramidal motor functions, and instinctive behavior, e.g. hunger, thirst, fear, and rage. His thoughts on biological order led him to consider the problems of psychic forces. He was convinced of the close correlation of behavioral research and neurophysiology and believed that neuronal patterns determine the content of consciousness without providing clues concerning the transformation of such patterns into subjective experience.
本文介绍了沃尔特·鲁道夫·赫斯（1881 - 1973）的简要生平，并回顾了他在神经生理学方面的主要贡献。赫斯属于人类生理学研究领域中几乎绝迹的伟大博学家一代。他最初从事血液动力学和眼科学方面的科学研究，随后研究了循环和呼吸的功能组织与调节，并研发了一些极为精密的仪器，这为他赢得了国际声誉。通过对未麻醉、自由活动的动物大脑进行电刺激，他从自主神经、锥体外系运动功能以及本能行为（如饥饿、口渴、恐惧和愤怒）等方面探索了猫间脑的功能组织和定位。他对生物秩序的思考使他开始考虑心理力量的问题。他坚信行为研究与神经生理学密切相关，并且认为神经元模式决定意识内容，但却无法为这种模式如何转化为主观体验提供线索。
