Characteristics of patients in restraint: six year analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP).

Emergency service providers, including mental health care providers, are often called upon to impose restraint procedures. These procedures may result in physical injury and psychological distress and provide a unique opportunity for emergency mental health personnel to be of assistance. Reviews of the literature on restrained patients have suggested that clinical variables studied need to be added to demographic factors in order to better clarify those at high risk for restraint procedures. This study compared restrained and non-restrained subjects on basic demographic variables and the clinical variables of histories of violence toward others, personal victimization and substance use disorder. The clinical variables did not enhance the prediction of the use of restraints. The implications for reducing the use of restraints, for needed emergency mental health services and future research directions are explored.