Miller S, Van Der Meché F G
Brain Res. 1975 Jun 27;91(2):255-69. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90546-6.
In normal cats stepping on a treadmill an analysis has been made of movements of the scapula, shoulder, elbow, wrist and digits. The scapula is capable of making large and complicated movements over the rib cage. In locomotion they may be resolved into a cyclical, similunar movement of the glenoid cavity in the parasagittal plane of the cat's body. The movements of the scapula are rather constant over a wide range of velocities. They most resemble those of the hip which also shows a delay in the onset of extension and no yield phase. It is suggested that movements of the scapula have a high priority in the execution of locomotion in the forelimbs. The movements at the shoulder tend to parallel those of the elbow. The terms of palmar flexion and dorsiflexion are retained for the movements at the wrist and digits. The rapid phase of palmar flexion corresponds with the flexion phase at the elbow, and the phase of dorsiflexion with the first extension phase at the elbow. Palmar flexion during the second and third extension phases of the more proximal joints would appear to be initiated by contact of the foot with the ground. The sequences of movement at the wrist and digits allow a comparison of the roles of flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm during locomotion and the flexion reflex, which is compatible with the functional and anatomical organization of cervicothoracic segments. With exception of extension at the scapula the movements of the elbow provide an index of the onsets of flexion and extension at the other joints of the forelimb. Modifications are suggested for the Phillippson step cycle of both forelimbs and hindlimbs to include the delayed onset of extension at the scapula and hip and the particular movements of the wrist, digits and toes.
在正常猫在跑步机上行走时，对其肩胛骨、肩部、肘部、腕部和指部的运动进行了分析。肩胛骨能够在胸腔上进行大幅度且复杂的运动。在运动过程中，这些运动可分解为猫身体矢状旁平面中关节盂的周期性、类似半月形的运动。肩胛骨的运动在很宽的速度范围内相当恒定。它们与髋部的运动最为相似，髋部在伸展开始时也有延迟且没有屈服阶段。有人认为，在执行前肢运动时，肩胛骨的运动具有高度优先级。肩部的运动往往与肘部的运动平行。腕部和指部的运动仍保留掌屈和背屈的术语。掌屈的快速阶段与肘部的屈曲阶段相对应，背屈阶段与肘部的第一次伸展阶段相对应。在更靠近近端关节的第二和第三伸展阶段的掌屈似乎是由脚与地面的接触引发的。腕部和指部的运动序列允许比较运动和屈曲反射过程中前臂屈肌和伸肌的作用，这与颈胸段的功能和解剖结构相符。除了肩胛骨的伸展外，肘部的运动为前肢其他关节的屈曲和伸展开始提供了一个指标。建议对前肢和后肢的菲利普松步周期进行修改，以纳入肩胛骨和髋部伸展开始的延迟以及腕部、指部和趾部的特定运动。
