Boczek-Funcke A, Kuhtz-Buschbeck J P, Illert M
Department of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
Eur J Neurosci. 1996 Feb;8(2):261-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01210.x.
A quantitative kinematic analysis of the movements of the shoulder girdle in the three dimensions of space during treadmill locomotion (velocity range 0.33-1.2 m/s) was performed in two cats. Since the movement patterns of the scapula and the humeroscapular joint can only vaguely be estimated through the overlying skin we used implanted metal spheres placed on the scapula in combination with three-dimensional pulsed X-ray cinematography (time resolution 20 ms) to reconstruct the excursions of the scapula, the humerus and the elbow and to calculate the respective angular amplitudes and velocities. The movements of the scapula relative to the Th4 spinous process consist of four major components:(i) a monophasic flexion (caudocranial movement of glenoid fossa during swing)/extension (craniocaudal movement of the glenoid fossa during stance) sequence, the fulcrum for which sequence is situated near the vertebral border of the scapula at the medial elongation of the scapular spine; (ii) a vertical monophasic up/down sequence of the fulcrum relative to the trunk, the highest vertical position being reached during mid-stance and the lowest vertical position during mid-swing; (iii) a biphasic abduction/adduction sequence during swing and during stance respectively; and (iv) small rotations along the scapular spine. The trajectory recordings of the scapula indicate that the scapula yields relative to the trunk under the body weight after ground contact. The angular excursions of the humeroscapular joint consist of : (i) a flexion/extension sequence during swing, a yield after ground contact and a final extension at the end of stance; (ii) an adduction and outward rotation during the early swing phase flexion; (iii) an abduction and inward rotation during the late swing phase extension; and (iv) an adduction during the yield with only minor rotations during the whole stance phase. The movement patterns are discussed in view of the muscular synergies necessary to guide the scapula and the humerus during stance and swing, and in relation to the implications for the organization of these patterns in spinal neuronal systems.
对两只猫在跑步机运动（速度范围为0.33 - 1.2米/秒）过程中肩胛带在三维空间中的运动进行了定量运动学分析。由于肩胛骨和肩肱关节的运动模式只能通过覆盖的皮肤大致估计，我们使用植入在肩胛骨上的金属球结合三维脉冲X射线电影摄影术（时间分辨率为20毫秒）来重建肩胛骨、肱骨和肘部的偏移，并计算各自的角幅度和速度。肩胛骨相对于第4胸椎棘突的运动由四个主要部分组成：（i）一个单相屈曲（摆动期间关节盂窝的尾颅向运动）/伸展（站立期间关节盂窝的颅尾向运动）序列，该序列的支点位于肩胛冈内侧延长线处肩胛骨的脊柱缘附近；（ii）支点相对于躯干的垂直单相上下序列，在站立中期达到最高垂直位置，在摆动中期达到最低垂直位置；（iii）分别在摆动和站立期间的双相外展/内收序列；以及（iv）沿肩胛冈的小旋转。肩胛骨的轨迹记录表明，在地面接触后，肩胛骨在体重作用下相对于躯干产生位移。肩肱关节的角偏移包括：（i）摆动期间的屈曲/伸展序列，地面接触后产生位移，站立结束时最终伸展；（ii）在摆动早期屈曲阶段的内收和向外旋转；（iii）在摆动后期伸展阶段 的外展和向内旋转；以及（iv）在位移期间的内收，在整个站立阶段仅有微小旋转。结合在站立和摆动期间引导肩胛骨和肱骨所需的肌肉协同作用，以及这些模式在脊髓神经元系统中的组织意义，对运动模式进行了讨论。
