Engelhardt H Tristram
Christ Bioeth. 1995 Sep;1(2):182-99. doi: 10.1093/cb/1.2.182.
A community's morality depends on the moral premises, rules of evidence, and rules of inference it acknowledges, as well as on the social structure of those in authority to rule knowledge claims in or out of a community's set of commitments. For Christians, who is an authority and who is in authority are determined by Holy Tradition, through which in the Mysteries one experiences the Holy Spirit. Because of the requirement of repentance and conversion to the message of Christ preserved in the Tradition, the authority of the community must not only exclude heretical teaching but heretical communities from communion. Understanding Christian bioethics requires a focus on the content of that bioethics in terms of its social context within a right-believing, right-worshipping community. Christian bioethics should be non-ecumenical by recognizing that true moral knowledge has particular moral content, is communal, and is not fully available outside of the community of right worship. The difficulty with Roman Catholicism's understandings of bioethics lies not just in its continued inordinate accent on the role of reason apart from repentance (as well as in its defining novel doctrines), but in Roman Catholicism's not recognizing that the contemporary, post-Christian age is in good measure the consequence of its post-Vatican II failure to call for a return to the traditional pieties and asceticisms of the Fathers so that all might know rightly concerning the requirements of Christian bioethics.
一个社群的道德取决于它所认可的道德前提、证据规则和推理规则,也取决于那些有权裁定知识主张是否属于社群承诺范畴的权威人士的社会结构。对于基督徒而言,谁是权威以及谁拥有权威是由神圣传统决定的,通过神圣传统,人们在圣事(奥秘)中体验圣灵。由于需要忏悔并皈依传统中保存的基督的信息,社群的权威不仅必须将异端教义排除在外,还必须将异端社群排除在圣餐之外。理解基督教生物伦理学需要关注其在一个信仰正确、崇拜正确的社群中的社会背景下的生物伦理学内容。基督教生物伦理学应该是非普世性的,因为它认识到真正的道德知识具有特定的道德内容,是社群性的,并且在正确崇拜的社群之外是不完全可得的。罗马天主教对生物伦理学的理解的困难不仅在于它继续过度强调脱离忏悔的理性的作用(以及它定义新教义),还在于罗马天主教没有认识到,当代后基督教时代在很大程度上是其在梵二会议后未能呼吁回归教父们的传统虔诚和苦行主义的结果,以便所有人都能正确了解基督教生物伦理学的要求。