The prediction of nonresponse to pharmacotherapy in panic disorder: a review.

Several effective pharmacotherapeutic treatments exist for panic disorder; however, not all patients respond to treatment: between 20% to 40% are non-responders. Recent studies have reported several predictors of nonresponse to pharmacotherapy. In this review two questions are addressed: is there consensus with respect to predictors of nonresponse and are there any differences between short-term and long-term predictors? In this review both short-term and long-term outcome studies are discussed. Studies were included if at least DSM-III criteria were used and baseline variables were investigated as possible predictor of response, or nonresponse, to pharmacotherapy. Of each clinical predictor, tallies were made of the particular predictors employed and of those predictors that predicted nonresponse. It appears that a long duration of illness and severe agoraphobic avoidance are robust predictors of nonresponse, particularly in long-term studies. Personality disorders, or even personality traits, are possibly the most robust predictors of nonresponse. Several factors appear to be robust predictors of nonresponse: factors that are present before treatment and exert their influence on short-term and long-term treatment outcome. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate these factors and to test whether it is viable to intervene in an attempt to increase treatment response.