A versatile biosensor device for continuous biomedical monitoring.

Although biosensors are by means suitable for continuous biomedical monitoring, due to fouling and blood clotting, in vivo performance is far from optimal. For this reason, ultrafiltration, microdialysis or open tubular flow is frequently used as interface. To secure quantitative recoveries of the analyte of interest, sampling at submicrolitre level will be necessary which in turn necessitates the development of small and versatile biosensor devices. Here, a miniaturised biosensor device, which directly can be connected to various interfaces will be presented. The biosensor device consists of a pulsefree pump and a biosensor with an internal volume of 10-20 nl. In this article, the production as well as the construction of the flow-through cell of the biosensor will be discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of several production processes will be demonstrated and a detailed protocol for the production of such a nanoliter flow-through cell will be presented. With respect to the bio-selector, several permselective membranes have been tested on their performance characteristics. Results obtained with these biosensors will be presented and discussed. Finally, a protocol based upon in situ electropolymerisation for the immobilisation of the biological component was defined and several biosensors based upon this principle have been produced and tested for the monitoring of glucose respectively lactate. To demonstrate, data obtained during a variety of in vivo studies at different clinical relevant applications will be presented.