Everitt B J, Dickinson A, Robbins T W
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK.
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001 Oct;36(2-3):129-38. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00088-1.
The argument advanced in this review is that drug addiction can be understood in terms of normal learning and memory systems of the brain which, through the actions of chronically self-administered drugs, are pathologically subverted, thereby leading to the establishment of compulsive drug-seeking habits, strengthened by the motivational impact of drug-associated stimuli and occurring at the expense of other sources of reinforcement. We review data from our studies that have utilized procedures which reveal the various influences of pavlovian stimuli on goal-directed behaviour, namely discriminated approach, pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer and conditioned reinforcement, in order to demonstrate their overlapping and also unique neural bases. These fundamental studies are also reviewed in the context of the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying drug-seeking behaviour that is under the control of drug-associated environmental stimuli. The ways in which such drug-seeking behaviour becomes compulsive and habitual, as well as the propensity for relapse to drug-seeking even after long periods of relapse, are discussed in terms of the aberrant learning set in train by the effects of self-administered drugs on plastic processes in limbic cortical-ventral striatal systems.
本综述提出的观点是，药物成瘾可以通过大脑的正常学习和记忆系统来理解，长期自我给药的药物作用会对这些系统造成病理性破坏，从而导致强迫性觅药习惯的形成，药物相关刺激的动机影响会强化这种习惯，且这种习惯的形成是以其他强化来源为代价的。我们回顾了来自我们研究的数据，这些研究采用了揭示巴甫洛夫刺激对目标导向行为的各种影响的程序，即辨别性趋近、巴甫洛夫到工具性转换和条件强化，以证明它们重叠且独特的神经基础。这些基础研究也在药物相关环境刺激控制下的觅药行为的神经和心理机制背景下进行了综述。就自我给药的药物对边缘皮质 - 腹侧纹状体系统可塑性过程的影响所引发的异常学习而言，讨论了这种觅药行为如何变得强迫性和习惯性，以及即使经过长时间戒断后仍有复吸觅药的倾向。
