Molecular dynamics simulation of nucleic acids: successes, limitations, and promise.

In the last five years we have witnessed a significant increase in the number publications describing accurate and reliable all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of nucleic acids. This increase has been facilitated by the development of fast and efficient methods for treating the long-range electrostatic interactions, the availability of faster parallel computers, and the development of well-validated empirical molecular mechanical force fields. With these technologies, it has been demonstrated that simulation is not only capable of consistently reproducing experimental observations of sequence specific fine structure of DNA, but also can give detailed insight into prevalent problems in nucleic acid structure, ion association and specific hydration of nucleic acids, polyadenine tract bending, and the subtle environmental dependence of the A-DNA-B-DNA duplex equilibrium. Despite the advances, there are still issues with the methods that need to be resolved through rigorous controlled testing. In general, these relate to deficiencies of the underlying molecular mechanical potentials or applied methods (such as the imposition of true periodicity in Ewald simulations and the need for energy conservation), and significant limits in effective conformational sampling. In this perspective, we provide an overview of our experiences, provide some cautionary notes, and provide recommendations for further study in molecular dynamics simulation of nucleic acids.