Ruthruff E, Remington R W, Johnston J C
National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2001 Dec;27(6):1404-19. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.27.6.1404.
How do top-down factors (e.g., task expectancy) and bottom-up factors (e.g., task recency) interact to produce an overall level of task readiness? This question was addressed by factorially manipulating task expectancy and task repetition in a task-switching paradigm. The effects of expectancy and repetition on response time tended to interact underadditively, but only because the traditional binary task-repetition variable lumps together all switch trials, ignoring variation in task lag. When the task-recency variable was scaled continuously, all 4 experiments instead showed additivity between expectancy and recency. The results indicated that expectancy and recency influence different stages of mental processing. One specific possibility (the configuration-execution model) is that task expectancy affects the time required to configure upcoming central operations, whereas task recency affects the time required to actually execute those central operations.
自上而下的因素（如任务预期）和自下而上的因素（如任务新近度）如何相互作用以产生整体的任务准备水平？在任务切换范式中，通过对任务预期和任务重复进行析因操纵来解决这个问题。预期和重复对反应时间的影响倾向于以次相加的方式相互作用，但这只是因为传统的二元任务重复变量将所有切换试验归为一类，忽略了任务滞后的变化。当任务新近度变量连续标度时，所有4个实验反而显示出预期和新近度之间的相加性。结果表明，预期和新近度影响心理加工的不同阶段。一种具体的可能性（配置-执行模型）是，任务预期影响配置即将到来的核心操作所需的时间，而任务新近度影响实际执行这些核心操作所需的时间。
