van Oirschot J T
Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Utrecht, en Instituut voor Dierhouderij en Diergezondheid (ID-Lelystad), Postbus 65, 8200 AB Lelystad.
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2002 Jan 1;127(1):7-16.
This review deals briefly with some key developments in veterinary viral vaccinology, lists the types of vaccines that are used for vaccinations commonly performed in food animals as well as in companion animals, and indicates that the practising veterinarian can select the best vaccine by comparing the results of efficacy studies. Diva (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals; also termed marker) vaccines and companion diagnostic tests have been developed that can be used for progam aimed to control or eradicate virus infections. Vaccine-induced herd immunity, which can be measured relatively easily when diva vaccines are used, is a crucial issue in such programmes. Current vaccine research follows many routes towards novel vaccines, which can he divided into non-replicating ('killed') and replicating ('live') vaccines. Promising trends are the development of DNA vaccination, vector vaccines, and attenuation of DNA and RNA viruses by DNA technology. The lack of (in vitro) correlates of vaccine protection markedly hampers progress in vaccine research. Various characteristics of an 'ideal' vaccine are listed, such as multivalency and the induction of lifelong immunity after one non-invasive administration in animals with maternal immunity. Future research should he aimed at developing vaccines that approach the ideal as closely as possible and which are directed against diseases not yet controlled by vaccination and against newly emerging diseases.
本综述简要介绍了兽医病毒疫苗学的一些关键进展，列出了用于食用动物和伴侣动物常规接种的疫苗类型，并指出执业兽医可以通过比较效力研究结果来选择最佳疫苗。已经开发出区分感染动物和接种动物的疫苗（Diva，也称为标记疫苗）以及配套诊断测试，可用于旨在控制或根除病毒感染的计划。在使用Diva疫苗时相对容易测量的疫苗诱导群体免疫是此类计划中的一个关键问题。当前的疫苗研究沿着许多途径朝着新型疫苗发展，这些新型疫苗可分为非复制型（“灭活”）疫苗和复制型（“活”）疫苗。有前景的趋势是DNA疫苗、载体疫苗的开发，以及通过DNA技术对DNA和RNA病毒进行减毒。缺乏（体外）疫苗保护的相关指标明显阻碍了疫苗研究的进展。列出了“理想”疫苗的各种特性，例如多价性以及在具有母源免疫的动物中单次非侵入性接种后诱导终身免疫。未来的研究应致力于开发尽可能接近理想状态的疫苗，这些疫苗针对尚未通过接种控制的疾病以及新出现的疾病。
