Bhanuprakash V, Indrani B K, Hosamani M, Balamurugan V, Singh R K
Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar-263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009 Feb;8(2):191-204. doi: 10.1586/14760584.8.2.191.
Bluetongue (BT) is a noncontagious and arboviral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is enzootic in areas where reservoirs (cattle and wild ruminants) and vectors exist for the BT virus (BTV). A total of 24 BTV serotypes have been recognized worldwide. The major control measures include restriction of animal movement, vector control applying insecticides, slaughter of infected animals and vaccination. Prophylactic immunization of sheep against BT is the most practical and effective control measure to combat BT infection. At present, attenuated vaccines are used in the Republic of South Africa, the USA and other countries. However, EU countries were using attenuated vaccines, only recently shifting to inactivated vaccines owing to their safety and efficacy. In India, inactivated vaccines are in experimental stages and are expected to be on the market shortly. Inactivated vaccines generate serotype-specific long-lasting protective immunity after two injections, and may help in controlling epidemics. Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is theoretically possible with inactivated vaccines but has not yet been developed, whereas the attenuated live vaccines are not candidates for DIVA. Attenuated live vaccines are efficacious but safety issues are of great concern. New-generation vaccines (subunit, virus-like particles, core-like particles and vectored) can be employed for DIVA. Recombinant vaccines, which generate cross-protection against multiple BTV serotypes, have great potential in BT vaccine regimens. Furthermore, new-generation vaccines are safe and efficacious experimentally, but large-scale field trials are warranted. Alternative areas, such as antivirals, siRNA, interferon and nanotechnology, may be of future use in the control of BT. We give an overview of BT vaccines, starting from conventional to recent developments, and their feasibility in controlling BT infection.
蓝舌病（BT）是一种影响家养和野生反刍动物的非传染性虫媒病毒病。在存在蓝舌病病毒（BTV）宿主（牛和野生反刍动物）及传播媒介的地区，该病呈地方流行性。全球共识别出24种BTV血清型。主要控制措施包括限制动物移动、使用杀虫剂进行媒介控制、宰杀感染动物和接种疫苗。对绵羊进行蓝舌病预防性免疫是对抗蓝舌病感染最实际有效的控制措施。目前，南非共和国、美国和其他国家使用减毒疫苗。然而，欧盟国家此前一直在使用减毒疫苗，只是最近才转向使用灭活疫苗，因其安全性和有效性。在印度，灭活疫苗正处于试验阶段，预计不久将上市。灭活疫苗在两次注射后可产生血清型特异性的持久保护性免疫，可能有助于控制疫情。理论上，灭活疫苗可实现区分感染动物和接种动物（DIVA），但尚未研发出来，而减毒活疫苗不适合用于DIVA。减毒活疫苗有效，但安全性问题备受关注。新一代疫苗（亚单位疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗、核心样颗粒疫苗和载体疫苗）可用于DIVA。能对多种BTV血清型产生交叉保护的重组疫苗在蓝舌病疫苗方案中具有巨大潜力。此外，新一代疫苗在实验中安全有效，但仍需进行大规模田间试验。抗病毒药物、小干扰RNA、干扰素和纳米技术等其他领域可能在未来用于控制蓝舌病。我们概述了从传统疫苗到最新进展的蓝舌病疫苗及其在控制蓝舌病感染方面的可行性。
