van den Heuvel M R, Ellis R J, Tremblay L A, Stuthridge T R
Forest Research, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2002 Jan;51(1):65-75. doi: 10.1006/eesa.2001.2130.
Long-term studies on the reproductive fitness of fish under controlled exposure conditions are necessary to address some of the controversy surrounding the field-based studies of pulp and paper effluent effects. This study undertook effluent exposures of 2+ age rainbow trout that were approximately halfway through gonadal growth. Trout were exposed to a mixed thermomechanical/bleached kraft effluent in 12,000-L flow-through exposure tanks at an environmental research facility located at a pulp and paper mill in Kawerau, New Zealand. Trout were exposed to either upstream river water or 10% effluent in upstream river water and were maintained at a ration of 0.7% of body wet weight during the experiment. Results of the 2-month study indicated that trout survival was not significantly different between effluent-exposed tanks and reference tanks. There was extensive growth during the exposure but no differences were found due to effluent exposure. Gonadal development was not significantly different between treatments. Steroid hormone concentrations in males and females were not affected by effluent exposure. The effluent showed no potential to be estrogenic as indicated by a lack of vitellogenin induction in male trout. Other physiological indicators of energy storage and utilization also showed no significant differences. Modest induction of hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (2.5-fold) was the only detectable biological effect of the exposure. Biliary concentration of effluent-related compounds were typical of pulp mill effluent exposure and further suggested that the source of phytosterols was in fact dietary and not effluent-derived.
有必要开展长期研究，在可控暴露条件下研究鱼类的繁殖适应性，以解决围绕纸浆和造纸废水对实地研究影响的一些争议。本研究对性腺发育大约处于中期的2龄以上虹鳟进行了废水暴露实验。在新西兰卡韦劳一家造纸厂的环境研究设施中，将虹鳟置于12000升的流通式暴露水箱中，使其暴露于热磨机械浆/漂白硫酸盐浆混合废水中。虹鳟被暴露于上游河水或含有10%废水的上游河水中，实验期间投喂量维持在鱼体湿重的0.7%。为期2个月的研究结果表明，暴露于废水的水箱和对照水箱中的虹鳟存活率没有显著差异。暴露期间鱼体有显著生长，但未发现因废水暴露而产生的差异。不同处理之间性腺发育没有显著差异。雄性和雌性虹鳟的类固醇激素浓度不受废水暴露的影响。雄性虹鳟未诱导出卵黄蛋白原，表明该废水没有雌激素活性。能量储存和利用的其他生理指标也没有显著差异。暴露唯一可检测到的生物学效应是肝脏7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-O-脱乙基酶有适度诱导（2.5倍）。胆汁中与废水相关化合物的浓度是纸浆厂废水暴露的典型特征，进一步表明植物甾醇的来源实际上是饮食而非废水。
