Van Dover C L, German C R, Speer K G, Parson L M, Vrijenhoek R C
Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA.
Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1253-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1067361.
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological settings throughout the global ocean and support food webs based on chemoautotrophic primary production. Most vent and seep invertebrates arrive at suitable habitats as larvae dispersed by deep-ocean currents. The recent evolution of many vent and seep invertebrate species (<100 million years ago) suggests that Cenozoic tectonic history and oceanic circulation patterns have been important in defining contemporary biogeographic patterns.
深海热液喷口和冷泉是海底泉，富含营养的流体从海底涌出。喷口和冷泉生态系统出现在全球海洋的各种地质环境中，并支持基于化学自养初级生产的食物网。大多数喷口和冷泉无脊椎动物在幼虫阶段通过深海海流扩散到达适宜的栖息地。许多喷口和冷泉无脊椎动物物种的近期演化（<1亿年前）表明，新生代构造历史和海洋环流模式在塑造当代生物地理模式方面发挥了重要作用。
