Contingency management to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial of reinforcement magnitude.

Fifty-five detoxified opioid-dependent individuals were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments delivered over 12 weeks: standard naltrexone maintenance, standard naltrexone plus low-value contingency management (CM), or standard naltrexone plus high-value CM. Results suggest that (a) assignment to either CM condition was associated with significant reductions in opioid use over time compared with standard naltrexone treatment; (b) contrasts of high- versus low-value reinforcement magnitude were not significant, suggesting no relative benefit of higher over lower value incentives in this population; (c) participants assigned to either CM group reported significant reductions in readiness to change compared with participants assigned to standard naltrexone treatment. These findings suggest that targeted behavioral therapies can play a substantial role in broadening the utility of available pharmacotherapies.