Brunstrom J M, Downes C R, Higgs S
Human Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
Appetite. 2001 Dec;37(3):197-206. doi: 10.1006/appe.2001.0432.
Flavour preference learning in 21 restrained and 21 unrestrained females was explored using an evaluative conditioning paradigm. Each participant was exposed to an adapted version of the procedure used by Johnsrude et al., (1999, Learning & Motivation30, 250-264). During conditioning, participants sampled 10 instances each of three novel flavours presented in a semi-randomized order. After sampling a flavour they were instructed to eat a sweet according to three different flavour-reinforcement contingencies. One flavour was accompanied by a sweet on 90% of trials and was presented alone on 10% of the trials, while the remaining flavours were rewarded at ratios 50% : 50% and 10% : 90%, respectively. The conditioning phase occurred in conjunction with a counting task requiring continuous use of working memory, and was immediately followed by the participants making hedonic ratings of each flavour. Very few participants showed awareness of the purpose of the experiment or the specific reward contingencies. Despite this, the ratings given by the unrestrained eaters were highly correlated with the reward ratio experienced during conditioning. In contrast, restrained eaters exhibited no evidence for evaluative learning. These findings may explain the equivocal nature of results from previous studies of positive flavour-flavour learning (FFL) and may offer a novel theoretical context within which to study dietary restraint.
使用评估性条件作用范式，对21名节食女性和21名非节食女性的味道偏好学习进行了探究。每位参与者都接触了Johnsrude等人（1999年，《学习与动机》30卷，第250 - 264页）所使用程序的改编版本。在条件作用过程中，参与者以半随机顺序对三种新味道各品尝10次。品尝一种味道后，她们被要求根据三种不同的味道强化条件吃一块糖。一种味道在90%的试验中伴有一块糖，在10%的试验中单独呈现，而其余两种味道的奖励比例分别为50% : 50%和10% : 90%。条件作用阶段与一项需要持续运用工作记忆的计数任务同时进行，紧接着参与者对每种味道进行享乐评分。很少有参与者意识到实验目的或具体的奖励条件。尽管如此，非节食者给出的评分与条件作用过程中经历的奖励比例高度相关。相比之下，节食者没有表现出评估性学习的证据。这些发现可能解释了先前关于正向味道 - 味道学习（FFL）研究结果的矛盾性质，并可能为研究饮食节制提供一个新的理论背景。
