Walraven J
Am J Ophthalmol. 1975 Nov;80(5):893-900. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(75)90286-x.
A stereoscopic test was developed for the visual screening of preschool children. The TNO test for stereoscopic vision utilized the same principle as the Julesz random-dot stereogram, and provided a simple and unequivocal test criterion understood even by young children. The results of a comprative evaluation of the TNO and Titmus stereoscopic tests proved the TNO test to be the more reliable of the two, particularly in the 2- to 4-year-old age range. Failure to pass this test at the 240 seconds of arc disparity level yielded an excellent screening criterion, as attested by the results of a validation experiment employing 81 patients (2 to 7 years old) with known visual health records. Furthermore, the screening results obtained from 129 preschool children (2 to 5 years old) tested in the classroom by a nonprofessional examiner, suggest that, under these more realistic conditions, the TNO test yields at least 60% less overreferrals than the Titmus test.
开发了一种用于学龄前儿童视力筛查的立体视觉测试。TNO立体视觉测试采用了与朱尔兹随机点立体图相同的原理，并提供了一个简单明确的测试标准，即使是幼儿也能理解。对TNO和Titmus立体视觉测试进行比较评估的结果证明，TNO测试在两者中更可靠，尤其是在2至4岁年龄组。在240秒弧度视差水平未能通过该测试产生了一个出色的筛查标准，这一点在一项对81名（2至7岁）有已知视力健康记录的患者进行的验证实验结果中得到了证实。此外，由一名非专业检查人员在教室对129名学龄前儿童（2至5岁）进行测试所获得的筛查结果表明，在这些更实际的条件下，TNO测试产生的过度转诊比Titmus测试至少少60%。
