Karnath Bernard
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0566, USA.
Am J Med. 2002 Apr 1;112(5):399-405. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)01126-3.
Smoking is a risk factor for the four leading causes of death in the United States, yet 48 million Americans--24% of the U.S. adult population--continue to smoke. Approximately 70% of people who smoke visit a physician each year, yet only half report ever being advised to quit smoking by their physician. Smoking cessation is difficult due to nicotine addiction and withdrawal symptoms. Expert groups such as the National Cancer Institute and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research offer protocols for smoking cessation that primary care physicians can use in their office practice. Recent developments in the pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation has led the U.S. Public Health Service to update the practice guidelines for treating tobacco use and dependence. Pharmacotherapy, which includes nicotine replacement therapy, offers assistance to patients who want to stop smoking. However, the cost of pharmacotherapy may be a barrier for some. Other nonpharmacologic therapies, such as counseling, are also effective.
吸烟是美国四大主要死因的一个风险因素，但仍有4800万美国人——占美国成年人口的24%——继续吸烟。每年约有70%的吸烟者看医生，但只有一半的人报告曾被医生建议戒烟。由于尼古丁成瘾和戒断症状，戒烟很困难。诸如美国国家癌症研究所和医疗保健政策与研究机构等专家小组提供了戒烟方案，初级保健医生可在其门诊实践中使用。戒烟药物治疗的最新进展促使美国公共卫生服务局更新了治疗烟草使用和依赖的实践指南。药物治疗，包括尼古丁替代疗法，为想要戒烟的患者提供帮助。然而，药物治疗的费用可能对一些人来说是一个障碍。其他非药物疗法，如咨询，也很有效。
