Jensen K H, Rauch S, Morrison G M, Lindberg P
Water Environment Transport, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2002 Apr;42(3):338-47. doi: 10.1007/s00244-001-0024-3.
Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), and rhodium (Rh) concentrations were determined in the feathers of three raptor species in Sweden, the sparrowhawk ( Accipiter nisus), the peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus), and the gyrfalcon ( Falco rusticolus), as well as the main prey of the sparrowhawk (the house sparrow, Passer domesticus) and the gyrfalcon (the willow grouse, Lagopus lagopus). The analysis of feathers from 1917-1999 revealed a clear temporal trend, with significantly higher Rh concentrations in sparrowhawk and peregrine falcon after 1986. There is evidence for increasing platinum group element (PGE) concentrations from 1917 to 1999 in peregrine falcon and sparrowhawk. This suggests that feathers reflect increased PGE concentrations in the environment over this time period. Mean concentrations of PGE in feathers of raptors after 1986 ranged from 0.3 to 1.8 ng x g(-1) for Pt, 0.6 to 2.1 ng x g(-1) for Pd (indicative values), and 0.1 to 0.6 ng x g(-1) for Rh. House sparrows in urban areas had significantly higher Pt and Pd concentrations than urban sparrowhawks. The higher Pd concentrations in relation to Pt and Rh may indicate the greater mobility of Pd in the environment. Although PGE concentrations are generally higher in birds living in urban areas, no significant spatial trend could be established. This is partly due to the widespread distribution of automobiles and partly because birds forage and integrate PGE exposure over large areas. Laser ablation analysis demonstrates that PGE contamination of feathers is predominantly external, consisting of small particles in the nanometer size range. Other indications of external contamination are that Pt and Pd levels are significantly higher in the vane than in the shaft and that PGE relative ratios (except Pd) reflect urban particles.
测定了瑞典三种猛禽物种（雀鹰（Accipiter nisus）、游隼（Falco peregrinus）和矛隼（Falco rusticolus））以及雀鹰的主要猎物（家麻雀（Passer domesticus））和矛隼的主要猎物（柳雷鸟（Lagopus lagopus））羽毛中的铂（Pt）、钯（Pd）和铑（Rh）浓度。对1917年至1999年羽毛的分析揭示了一个明显的时间趋势，1986年后雀鹰和游隼中的铑浓度显著更高。有证据表明，1917年至1999年期间，游隼和雀鹰体内的铂族元素（PGE）浓度在增加。这表明羽毛反映了这段时间内环境中PGE浓度的增加。1986年后猛禽羽毛中PGE的平均浓度范围为：铂为0.3至1.8 ng x g(-1)，钯为0.6至2.1 ng x g(-1)（指示性值），铑为0.1至0.6 ng x g(-1)。城市地区的家麻雀体内的铂和钯浓度明显高于城市雀鹰。与铂和铑相比，较高的钯浓度可能表明钯在环境中的迁移性更强。尽管生活在城市地区的鸟类体内PGE浓度通常较高，但未能确定明显的空间趋势。部分原因是汽车分布广泛，部分原因是鸟类在大面积区域觅食并累积PGE暴露。激光烧蚀分析表明，羽毛中的PGE污染主要是外部的，由纳米尺寸范围内的小颗粒组成。外部污染的其他迹象是，羽片中的铂和钯水平明显高于羽轴，并且PGE相对比率（钯除外）反映了城市颗粒物。
