HIV-1 Nef interacts with inositol trisphosphate receptor to activate calcium signaling in T cells.

HIV-1 pathogenicity factor Nef has been shown to modulate calcium signaling in host cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unclear. Here we show that calcium/calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) by Nef in Jurkat T cells requires the endoplasmic reticulum-resident inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R), but yet does not involve increase in phospholipase-C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1)-catalyzed production of IP(3) or depletion of IP(3)-regulated intracellular calcium stores. Nef could be coprecipitated with endogenous IP(3)R type-1 (IP(3)R1) from Nef-transfected Jurkat T cells as well as from HIV-infected primary human peripheral mononuclear cells. Thus, the Nef/IP(3)R1-interaction defines a novel T cell receptor-independent mechanism by which Nef can promote T cell activation, and appears to involve atypical IP(3)R-triggered activation of plasma membrane calcium influx channels in a manner that is uncoupled from depletion of intracellular calcium stores.