Weimann Edda
Medical Centre for Child Heath, Clinic for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 May;92(5):2146-52. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00572.2001.
High-intensity training can alter the normal pattern of pubertal development in elite gymnasts. We investigated sex hormones, the ob gene product leptin, body composition, nutrition, and eating habits in female and male elite gymnasts from national cadres to elucidate gender-related differences. Serum leptin levels were decreased, particularly in pubertal girls, and did not show the normal developmental pattern. After leptin levels were transformed into standard deviation scores, mainly pubertal female gymnasts had significantly lower values than normal controls of the same gender, pubertal stage, and body mass index. The percentage of body fat was reduced compared with a normal age-matched population in both genders but to a higher degree in female gymnasts. When leptin standard deviation scores were based on percent body fat instead of body mass index, mean values were still significantly decreased compared with those of normal controls: -1.05 in girls (P < 0.001) and -0.60 in boys (P = 0.025). In both genders, total energy consumption and nutritional intake were insufficient, although to a lesser extent in male gymnasts. Pubertal development is influenced to a different degree in female and male elite gymnasts. In contrast to their male counterparts, high-intensity training takes place during the sensitive phase of pubertal maturation in female gymnasts. Whereas the girls displayed low estrogen levels, hypoleptinemia, reduced body fat mass, insufficient caloric intake, and retarded menarche, the pubertal development of male gymnasts remained almost unaltered.
高强度训练会改变优秀体操运动员青春期发育的正常模式。我们调查了国家干部中男女优秀体操运动员的性激素、肥胖基因产物瘦素、身体成分、营养状况和饮食习惯，以阐明性别相关差异。血清瘦素水平降低，尤其是青春期女孩，且未呈现正常的发育模式。将瘦素水平转化为标准差分数后，主要是青春期女性体操运动员的数值显著低于同性别、同青春期阶段和相同体重指数的正常对照组。与年龄匹配的正常人群相比，男女体操运动员的体脂百分比均降低，但女性体操运动员降低程度更高。当瘦素标准差分数基于体脂百分比而非体重指数时，与正常对照组相比，平均值仍显著降低：女孩为-1.05（P<0.001），男孩为-0.60（P=0.025）。男女体操运动员的总能量消耗和营养摄入均不足，不过男性体操运动员的不足程度较小。男女优秀体操运动员的青春期发育受到不同程度的影响。与男性体操运动员不同，女性体操运动员在青春期成熟的敏感阶段进行高强度训练。女孩表现出雌激素水平低、低瘦素血症、体脂量减少、热量摄入不足和月经初潮延迟，而男性体操运动员的青春期发育几乎未受影响。
