Hancock Peter J
Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. 2351, Australia.
Environ Manage. 2002 Jun;29(6):763-81. doi: 10.1007/s00267-001-0064-5.
Active exchanges of water and dissolved material between the stream and groundwater in many porous sand- and gravel-bed rivers create a dynamic ecotone called the hyporheic zone. Because it lies between two heavily exploited freshwater resources-rivers and groundwater-the hyporheic zone is vulnerable to impacts coming to it through both of these habitats. This review focuses on the direct and indirect effects of human activity on ecosystem functions of the hyporheic zone. River regulation, mining, agriculture, urban, and industrial activities all have the potential to impair interstitial bacterial and invertebrate biota and disrupt the hydrological connections between the hyporheic zone and stream, groundwater, riparian, and floodplain ecosystems. Until recently, our scientific ignorance of hyporheic processes has perhaps excused the inclusion of this ecotone in river management policy. However, this no longer is the case as we become increasingly aware of the central role that the hyporheic zone plays in the maintenance of water quality and as a habitat and refuge for fauna. To fully understand the impacts of human activity on the hyporheic zone, river managers need to work with scientists to conduct long-term studies over large stretches of river. River rehabilitation and protection strategies need to prevent the degradation of linkages between the hyporheic zone and surrounding habitats while ensuring that it remains isolated from toxicants. Strategies that prevent anthropogenic restriction of exchanges may include the periodic release of environmental flows to flush silt and reoxygenate sediments, maintenance of riparian buffers, effective land use practices, and suitable groundwater and surface water extraction policies.
在许多多孔的沙质和砾石河床河流中，河水与地下水之间活跃地交换着水和溶解物质，从而形成了一个被称为河溪带的动态生态交错带。由于河溪带位于河流和地下水这两种大量开发的淡水资源之间，所以它很容易受到来自这两种栖息地的影响。本综述聚焦于人类活动对河溪带生态系统功能的直接和间接影响。河流整治、采矿、农业、城市和工业活动都有可能损害间隙细菌和无脊椎动物生物群落，并破坏河溪带与河流、地下水、河岸和洪泛区生态系统之间的水文联系。直到最近，由于我们在科学上对河溪带过程的无知，或许使得在河流管理政策中纳入这个生态交错带成为了一种情有可原的做法。然而，随着我们越来越意识到河溪带在维持水质以及作为动物栖息地和避难所方面所起的核心作用，情况已不再如此。为了全面了解人类活动对河溪带的影响，河流管理者需要与科学家合作，对大片河流区域进行长期研究。河流修复和保护策略需要防止河溪带与周边栖息地之间的联系退化，同时确保其与有毒物质隔离开来。防止人为限制交换的策略可能包括定期释放环境水流以冲洗淤泥并使沉积物再充氧、维护河岸缓冲带、有效的土地利用措施以及合适的地下水和地表水抽取政策。
