Dreisbach Gesine, Haider Hilde, Kluwe Rainer H
Institute of Cognitive Research, University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2002 May;28(3):468-83. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.28.3.468.
The purpose of the investigations was to dissociate processes of task preparation from task execution in the task-switching paradigm. The basic assumption was that task repetitions have 2 advantages over task shifts: an activation advantage as a result of the execution of the same task type in the pretrial, and an expectation advantage, because participants, in general, implicitly expect a repetition. In Experiments 1-3, the authors explicitly manipulated expectancies by presenting cues that announced a shift and/or a repetition with probabilities of 1.00, .75, .50, or .25. Increasing latencies with decreasing probability for shifts and repetitions show that the expectation advantage can be equalized by preparation. However, the activation advantage represented by constant shift costs between tasks of the same probability is not penetrable by preparation. In Experiments 4 and 5, the authors found evidence that preparation involves activation of the expected task and inhibition of distracting tasks.
这些研究的目的是在任务切换范式中区分任务准备过程和任务执行过程。基本假设是，任务重复相对于任务转换有两个优势：一是由于在预试验中执行相同任务类型而产生的激活优势，二是期望优势，因为一般来说，参与者会隐含地期望出现重复。在实验1 - 3中，作者通过呈现提示来明确操纵期望，这些提示以1.00、0.75、0.50或0.25的概率宣布任务转换和/或重复。随着转换和重复概率的降低，反应时增加，这表明期望优势可以通过准备来平衡。然而，相同概率的任务之间恒定的转换成本所代表的激活优势无法通过准备来消除。在实验4和5中，作者发现有证据表明准备涉及预期任务的激活和干扰任务的抑制。
