Hayashi Masaki, Rosenberry Donald O
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Ground Water. 2002 May-Jun;40(3):309-16. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02659.x.
Ground water exchange affects the ecology of surface water by sustaining stream base flow and moderating water-level fluctuations of ground water-fed lakes. It also provides stable-temperature habitats and supplies nutrients and inorganic ions. Ground water input of nutrients can even determine the trophic status of lakes and the distribution of macrophytes. In streams the mixing of ground water and surface water in shallow channel and bankside sediments creates a unique environment called the hyporheic zone, an important component of the lotic ecosystem. Localized areas of high ground water discharge in streams provide thermal refugia for fish. Ground water also provides moisture to riparian vegetation, which in turn supplies organic matter to streams and enhances bank resistance to erosion. As hydrologists and ecologists interact to understand the impact of ground water on aquatic ecology, a new research field called "ecohydrology" is emerging.
地下水交换通过维持河流基流和调节以地下水为水源的湖泊的水位波动来影响地表水生态。它还提供稳定温度的栖息地，并供应养分和无机离子。地下水的养分输入甚至可以决定湖泊的营养状态和大型植物的分布。在溪流中，浅层河道和岸边沉积物中地下水与地表水的混合创造了一个独特的环境，称为河溪带，它是流水生态系统的一个重要组成部分。溪流中局部高地下水排放区域为鱼类提供了热避难所。地下水还为河岸植被提供水分，而河岸植被反过来又为溪流提供有机物质，并增强河岸抗侵蚀能力。随着水文学家和生态学家相互协作以了解地下水对水生生态的影响，一个名为“生态水文学”的新研究领域正在兴起。
